As a result of rapid and impressive developments in sensor technology, AI and machine learning, robotics and mechanical engineering, mechatronics, and systems with various degrees of autonomy will be available on a large scale in the coming years. As we think that meaningful human control can be one of the central notions in ethics of robotics and AI, in the last part of the paper, we start exploring the implications of our account for the design and use of non-military autonomous systems, for instance, self-driving cars.ĭebates on lethal autonomous weapon systems have proliferated in the past 5 years. We identify two general necessary conditions to be satisfied for an autonomous system to remain under meaningful human control: first, a “tracking” condition, according to which the system should be able to respond to both the relevant moral reasons of the humans designing and deploying the system and the relevant facts in the environment in which the system operates second, a “tracing” condition, according to which the system should be designed in such a way as to grant the possibility to always trace back the outcome of its operations to at least one human along the chain of design and operation. Following the ideals of “Responsible Innovation” and “Value-sensitive Design,” our account of meaningful human control is cast in the form of design requirements.
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In this paper, we lay the foundation of a philosophical account of meaningful human control, based on the concept of “guidance control” as elaborated in the philosophical debate on free will and moral responsibility. However, policy-makers and technical designers lack a detailed theory of what “meaningful human control” exactly means. To address these concerns, the principle of “meaningful human control” has been introduced in the legal–political debate according to this principle, humans not computers and their algorithms should ultimately remain in control of, and thus morally responsible for, relevant decisions about (lethal) military operations. Ethical concerns have been voiced about a possible raise in the number of wrongs and crimes in military operations and about the creation of a “responsibility gap” for harms caused by these systems. Section Ethics/Philosophy of Technology, Faculty Technology Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlandsĭebates on lethal autonomous weapon systems have proliferated in the past 5 years."Estimating Group Effects Using Averages of Observables to Control for Sorting on Unobservables: School and Neighborhood Effects.
CitationĪltonji, Joseph G., and Richard K. Across multiple datasets, we find that a 90th versus 10th percentile school/neighborhood increases the high school graduation probability and college enrollment probability by at least 0.04 and 0.11 and permanent wages by 13.7 percent. We use this insight to bound the treatment effect variance of school systems and associated neighborhoods for various outcomes.
Using a standard choice model, we show that controlling for group averages of observed individual characteristics potentially absorbs all the across-group variation in unobservable individual characteristics. We consider the classic problem of estimating group treatment effects when individuals sort based on observed and unobserved characteristics.
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